Lisa Schulte Moore, professor of natural resource ecology and management. (Larger image)
AMES, Iowa — Keeping plants continuously growing on farmland through the winter protects and enriches soil, improves water quality and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. That's why Lisa Schulte Moore, a professor of natural resource ecology and management at Iowa State University, is working to make year-round covered ground a conventional practice.
"My vision is that when we drive around Iowa in December, we don't see a single bare field," she said.
While use of cover crops is growing, it's far from common. A new grant of up to $80 million from the U.S. Department of Agriculture will fund a project meant to spur more farmers to plant cover crops and perennial prairie grass, through both direct payments and a demonstration of how harvested winter-hearty crops and grass can be processed into renewable natural gas.
"This is about creating economic incentives so farmers' hearts and minds can align. They want to keep their soil. They want to keep their nutrients in place. We know they value environmental quality. But it needs to make financial sense for them," said Schulte Moore, co-director of Iowa State's Bioeconomy Institute and a 2021 McArthur Fellow.
The five-year grant is among the $2.8 billion in federal investments in 70 projects announced this month as part of the USDA's Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities program. The grant builds on the work of the Consortium for Cultivating Human and Naturally reGenerative Enterprises (C-CHANGE), founded in 2018 as an ISU Presidential Interdisciplinary Research Initiative. The initiative expanded in 2020 to a multi-institutional project led by Schulte Moore with a five-year, $10 million grant from the USDA's National Institute for Food and Agriculture.
Iowa State will receive roughly $10 million from the new grant and is one of 14 partners involved in the project, which is called Horizon II and is led by Roeslein Alternative Energy, a St. Louis-based company that is also an industry partner on C-CHANGE.
"Since founding RAE, our overarching goal has been to provide farmers an alternative way to use land, especially highly erodible acres, in ways that will benefit the environment, wildlife and their own livelihood," said founder and CEO Rudi Roeslein. "This funding will propel Horizon II forward more rapidly than otherwise would have been possible. We will show how farmers and landowners can do well for themselves while also providing ecological services and wildlife benefits."
A little more than half of the grant will be devoted to creating a new market for prairie grasses and winter-hearty crops such as cereal rye, paying for the associated environmental benefits of planting them. RAU will develop a market to pay corn and soybean producers in Iowa and Missouri to plant winter-hearty plants on productive cropland and restore less-productive areas to prairie, Schulte Moore said. That could begin by fall 2024, she said.
The project also includes two pilot sites where harvested grasses and cover crops will be used as the feedstock for anaerobic digesters, which produce methane as microbes break down organic matter. One of the sites will be at Sievers Family Farms, a cattle operation about 20 miles northwest of Davenport. The other is at a Smithfield Foods farm in northern Missouri.
The Sievers' facility has converted a mix of manure and bedding into biogas for nearly a decade, and in December 2021 entered a partnership with RAE. Now an additional anaerobic digester is being built, the farm's third, to enable further breakdown of the organic matter from grassy crops. The material will be converted into renewable natural gas -- a high-quality fuel that can be sold to energy suppliers and is indistinguishable from the natural gas that powers furnaces, stoves and vehicles, Schulte Moore said. Digestate, the material remaining after the gas is produced, can be used or sold as a nutrient-rich fertilizer and carbon-rich soil amendment.
The pilot sites hope to show that an on-farm anerobic digester running on biomass from nearby operations could create a self-sufficient market for grass and cover crops, attaching a stable income stream to an environmentally sound choice available to producers of all sizes. RAE estimates that a nationwide network of anaerobic digesters running on local production of cover crops and grass could annually generate more than $70 billion in new annual revenue and sequester 250 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, equivalent to 20.7 billion gallons of diesel fuel consumption.
"There needs to be a market pull to make continuous living cover standard practice on Iowa's landscape. We're hoping to grow a whole industry to provide that pull, " Schulte Moore said.
Education is needed, too. Many existing programs that provide farmers financial incentives to use conservation practices, including cover cropping, aren't fully used. The Horizon II grant will help address the need for expanded outreach by expanding C-CHANGE's team of ISU experts, which includes economists, agronomists, engineers and extension specialists.
"This is not like flipping a light switch. It really is a management transition that takes design, testing, data collection, demonstration and awareness-building. It will be a process," Schulte Moore said.
Other ISU connections to Climate-Smart funding
Two other projects funded by the USDA's Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities program include Iowa State as a partner.
- A research team led by Robert Brown, Anson Marston Distinguished Professor in Engineering, the Gary and Donna Hoover Chair in Mechanical Engineering and co-director of Iowa State’s Bioeconomy Institute, is part of a $30 million project led by Gevo, a Colorado-based company developing a low-carbon, bio-based jet fuel. The ISU team is assessing if biochar, a carbon-rich material created by heating biomass in a low-oxygen process called pyrolysis, could help reduce the carbon footprint of a bio-based jet fuel. The team's $140,000 portion of the grant gives further support to the research that won a $1 million X Prize Carbon Removal milestone awardearlier this year, Brown said.
- Associate professor of agronomy Marshall McDaniel received about $450,000 of a $90 million grant to a project team led by Archer-Daniels-Midland. In addition to paying thousands of producers across 15 states to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices, the ADM grant funds research in Iowa, Indiana and Nebraska to study the net climate impact of practices such as cover crops and reduced tillage. At three farms in each of their respective states, McDaniel and colleagues Shalamar Armstrong of Purdue University and Andrea Basche of University of Nebraska-Lincoln will measure soil carbon levels and monitor greenhouse gas emissions, especially nitrous oxide. Assessing the combined impact of carbon sequestration and emissions will test the validity of modeling used to estimate the environmental value of climate-smart practices.